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- <text id=93TT1301>
- <title>
- Mar. 29, 1993: The Temping Of America
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Mar. 29, 1993 Yeltsin's Last Stand
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SOCIETY, Page 40
- The Temping Of America
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>As stable jobs disappear, Americans are being forced to adjust
- to a fragile and frightening new order
- </p>
- <p>By LANCE MORROW--With reporting by William McWhirter/Chicago
- </p>
- <p> In the terrible highland clearances of the 18th century,
- thousands of Scots were driven from their farms so that
- landlords might turn the fields over to the mass grazing of
- sheep, a more efficient and profitable enterprise. The wool
- business prospered. The Highlanders starved or went to America.
- It was the end of one way of life. Or the beginning of another.
- Economics uprooted culture, and changed everything.
- </p>
- <p> A transformation that merciless and profound is occurring
- in the American workplace. These are the great corporate
- clearances of the '90s, the ruthless, restructuring
- efficiencies. The American work force is being downsized and
- atomized. As the Scottish farmers were torn away from the soil,
- millions of Americans are being evicted from the working worlds
- that have sustained them, the jobs that gave them not only wages
- and health care and pensions but also a context, a sense of
- self-worth, a kind of identity. Work was the tribe. There were
- Sears men and GM workers and Anheuser-Busch people. There still
- are, of course. But their world is different.
- </p>
- <p> Communism deconstructed itself. Capitalism has done
- something of the same thing to its work force, even while
- sleekening itself in a Darwinian way. In any case, a new order
- has in a few short years dismantled the crucial load-bearing
- traditions of work in America and abrogated its operative myth.
- In a time of surreal transition, America is working essentially
- without a social contract, or with one that is daily, deeply
- violated.
- </p>
- <p> Twenty years ago, Studs Terkel's Working explored the
- lives of Americans with jobs that seemed like long-term
- marriages, frustrating, satisfying, boring, rewarding: familiar,
- anyway, and built on a rock foundation. Careers had a kind of
- narrative line. It began with something like apprenticeship and
- then, in the ideal model, proceeded through hard work and merit
- to raises, promotions, success and eventual retirement with
- pension. Seniority and experience meant something: work was as
- close as Americans came to the Confucian. Getting fired was a
- disgrace, the scarlet letter.
- </p>
- <p> That epoch has passed. America has entered the age of the
- contingent or temporary worker, of the consultant and
- subcontractor, of the just-in-time work force--fluid,
- flexible, disposable. This is the future. Its message is this:
- You are on your own. For good (sometimes) and ill (often), the
- workers of the future will constantly have to sell their skills,
- invent new relationships with employers who must, themselves,
- change and adapt constantly in order to survive in a ruthless
- global market.
- </p>
- <p> This is the new metaphysics of work. Companies are
- portable, workers are throwaway. The rise of the knowledge
- economy means a change, in less than 20 years, from an overbuilt
- system of large, slow-moving economic units to an array of
- small, widely dispersed economic centers, some as small as the
- individual boss. In the new economy, geography dissolves, the
- highways are electronic. Even Wall Street no longer has a reason
- to be on Wall Street. Companies become concepts and in their
- dematerialization, become strangely conscienceless. And jobs are
- almost as susceptible as electrons to vanishing into thin air.
- </p>
- <p> The American economy has turned into a bewilderment of
- good news, horrible news, depending on your point of view.
- After two years of record profits, the Bank of America recently
- announced that thousands of employees will become part-timers,
- with few benefits. Beneath some of the statistics of economic
- recovery lie stress and pain.
- </p>
- <p> The Industrial Revolution was inevitable, even if the
- Luddites howled and broke the machines. There are some good
- economic reasons for a current restructuring, long overdue, of
- the American workplace. But the human costs are enormous. Some
- profound betrayal of the American dynamic itself (work hard,
- obey the rules, succeed) runs through this process like a
- computer virus.
- </p>
- <p> There may be an analogue to this betrayal in the way that
- the U.S. fought the war in Vietnam. Robert McNamara's Pentagon
- became intoxicated by computer efficiencies and pseudo
- precisions and began sending soldiers out to the war alone
- instead of in cohesive units--the confused young soldiers
- going like temps dispatched to a 365-day jungle job and then
- coming home alone. All technique, no human wisdom. Thus vanished
- esprit de corps, team spirit, the intangibles that are
- indispensable to winning. An economy too much addicted to
- treating its workers like interchangeable, disposable grunts,
- such as Kelly Girls and cannon fodder, may find itself
- succeeding about as well as America won its war in Vietnam.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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